两个重要指针：
The ESP (Extended Stack Pointer) holds the top stack address. 指向栈顶 EBP (Extended Base Pointer) is used for this purpose. 指向栈帧
As an example in Windows/Intel, typically, when the function call takes place, data elements are stored on the stack in the following way:
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The function parameters are pushed on the stack before the function is called. The parameters are pushed from right to left.
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The function return address is placed on the stack by the x86 CALL instruction, which stores the current value of the EIP register.
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Then, the frame pointer that is the previous value of the EBP register is placed on the stack.
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If a function includes try/catch or any other exception handling construct such as SEH (Structured Exception Handling - Microsoft implementation), the compiler will include exception handling information on the stack.
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Next, the locally declared variables.
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Then the buffers are allocated for temporary data storage.
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Finally, the callee save registers such as ESI, EDI, and EBX are stored if they are used at any point during the functions execution. For Linux/Intel, this step comes after step no. 4.
the stack grows downwards in memory as it gets bigger，栈向低内存地址增长，栈越大，栈顶地址越小。